	<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US">
<head>
	<meta charset="utf-8">
	<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
	<title>
		Terapi Yoga pada Penyakit Multiple Sclerosis: A Literature Review
							| Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana
			</title>

	
<link rel="icon" href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/public/journals/2/favicon_en_US.png">
<meta name="generator" content="Open Journal Systems 3.2.1.5">
<meta name="gs_meta_revision" content="1.1"/>
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana"/>
<meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="JMU"/>
<meta name="citation_issn" content="2685-6573"/> 
<meta name="citation_author" content="Komang Agus Jerry Widyanata"/>
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia"/>
<meta name="citation_author" content="Komang Noviantari"/>
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia"/>
<meta name="citation_author" content="Ketut Dini Riski Suyakti"/>
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia"/>
<meta name="citation_author" content="Kadek Widya Purnama Yani"/>
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia"/>
<meta name="citation_author" content="Kadek Candra Dwi Anindhita"/>
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia"/>
<meta name="citation_author" content="Ni Made Sinta Maharani"/>
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia"/>
<meta name="citation_author" content="Ni Komang Gista Triana Wati"/>
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia"/>
<meta name="citation_title" content="Terapi Yoga pada Penyakit Multiple Sclerosis: A Literature Review"/>
<meta name="citation_language" content="en"/>
<meta name="citation_date" content="2025/10/31"/>
<meta name="citation_volume" content="11"/>
<meta name="citation_issue" content="02"/>
<meta name="citation_firstpage" content="216"/>
<meta name="citation_lastpage" content="232"/>
<meta name="citation_doi" content="10.47859/jmu.v11i02.715"/>
<meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/article/view/715"/>
<meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Literature review"/>
<meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Multiple sclerosis"/>
<meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Terapi Yoga"/>
<meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/article/download/715/356"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Alibagher, N., Aghyari, A., &amp; Asgari, S. (2025). The Effect of Yoga Exercises on Fatigue, Balance, Muscle Strength and Neurological Disorders in Women with Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Advances in Para Sport Science (APSS), 5(1), 124-132."/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Avandi, M., Heidarian, A., &amp; Ebrahimi, M. (2017). The effects of eight week yoga training on serum levels of Dehydroepiandrestrone sulfate and prolactin in women with multiple sclerosis. Int. J. Appl. Exerc. Physiol, 6, 8-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22631/ijaep.v6i2.90"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Azhdari, A., Mardani, N., Javanbakht, M., Mombeni, T., &amp; Ahmadi, M. (2024). Investigating the Comparative Effectiveness of Yoga and Relaxation Therapy on Restlessness, Fatigue and Difficulty Concentrating in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Health Technology Assessment in Action. https://doi.org/10.18502/htaa.v8i4.16985"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Bass, A. D., Van Wijmeersch, B., Mayer, L., Mäurer, M., Boster, A., Mandel, M., … Singer, B. (2020). Effect of Multiple Sclerosis on Daily Activities, Emotional Well-being, and Relationships The Global vsMS Survey. International Journal of MS Care, 22(4), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.7224/1537-2073.2018-087"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="DeLuca, J. (2024). Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: can we measure it and can we treat it? Journal of Neurology, 271(9), 6388–6392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-024-12524-9 Fasczewski, K. S., Garner, L. M., Clark, L. A., Michels, H. S., &amp; Migliarese, S. J. (2022). Medical Therapeutic Yoga for multiple sclerosis: examining self-efficacy for physical activity, motivation for physical activity, and quality of life outcomes. Disability and rehabilitation, 44(1), 106-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2020.1760364 Fymat, A. L. (2023). Multiple sclerosis: I. Symptomatology and etiology. Researchnovelty.ComAL FymatJ Neurol Psychol Res, 2023•researchnovelty.Com, 4(1), 2023. Retrieved from https://researchnovelty.com/management_research/article_pdf/1684580323Updated Article CS050523.pdf"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Hanna, M., &amp; Strober, L. B. (2020). Anxiety and depression in Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Antecedents, consequences, and differential impact on well-being and quality of life. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 44,102261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2020.102261"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Hasanpour-Dehkordi, A., Jivad, N., &amp; Solati, K. (2016). Effects of yoga on physiological indices, anxiety and social functioning in multiple sclerosis patients: A randomized trial. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 10(6), VC01. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/18204.7916"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Ilbeigi, S., Haghighi, M., Nikseresht, A., &amp; Mahjoor, M. (2021). Effect of a Yoga Exercise Program on Muscle Fatigue and Balance Indices in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Studies in Sport Medicine, 12(28), 165-182. https://doi.org/10.22089/smj.2021.10266.1478"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Janalipour, K., Kafi, M., Hatamian, H., &amp; Rezapour, P. (2017). The effectiveness of yoga therapy in reducing anxiety, stress and depression in women with multiple sclerosis. Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 3(3), 151-158.http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.cjns.3.10.151"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Johnson, E., Hooshmand, S., &amp; Hooshmand, S. (2024). Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis A Comprehensive Approach to Evaluation and Management. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 23(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-005-0012-5"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Karbandi, S., Gorji, M. A. H., Mazloum, S. R., Norian, A., &amp; Aghaei, N. (2015). Effectiveness of group versus individual yoga exercises on fatigue of patients with multiple sclerosis. North American journal of medical sciences, 7(6), 266. https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.159332"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Küçüktepe, ?., Balkan, A. F., Salc?, Y., Ar?n, G., Karaca, N. B., Armutlu, K., &amp; Ünal, E. (2018). Multiple sklerozlu bireylerde Bili?sel Egzersiz Terapi Yakla??m?’n?n yorgunluk ve denge üzerine etkileri. Journal of Exercise Therapy and Rehabilitation, 5(2), 74-81."/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Kusmadana, I. P. E., Margo, W., &amp; Suputra, G. (2023). Sklerosis multipel pada pria Bali: sebuah laporan kasus. Intisari Sains Medis, 14(1), 407–411. https://doi.org/10.15562/ism.v14i1.1625"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Lysogorskaia, E., &amp; Ulmasbaeva, E. (2021). Yoga Versus Physical Therapy In Multiple Sclerosis : Randomized Controlled Trial. 1–13."/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Minarti, Sulistijono, H., Mukholid, A., Cendekiawan, K. A., &amp; Andro, R. R. (2024). The Effect of Structured Physical Exercise on the Quality of Life of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of World Future Medicine, Health and Nursing, 2(2), 240–251. https://doi.org/10.70177/health.v2i2.759"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Najafi, P., &amp; Moghadasi, M. (2017). The effect of yoga training on enhancement of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels in female patients with multiple sclerosis. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 26, 21-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.11.006"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Padmavathi, R., Kumar, A. P., Dhamodhini, K. S., Venugopal, V., Silambanan, S., Maheshkumar, K., &amp; Shah, P. (2023). Role of yoga in stress management and implications in major depression disorder. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 14, 100767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100767"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Razazian, N., Yavari, Z., Farnia, V., Azizi, A., Kordavani, L., Bahmani, D. S., ... &amp; Brand,"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="S. (2016). Exercising impacts on fatigue, depression, and paresthesia in female patients with multiple sclerosis. Medicine &amp; Science in Sports &amp; Exercise, 48(5), 796-803."/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Sarbaz, Y., Beni, K. N., Hosseininejad, A., Eftekharsadat, B., &amp; Jahanjoo, F. (2020). The effect of yoga practice on muscular strength improvement in patients with multiple sclerosis. International Journal of Therapy And Rehabilitation, 27(9), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2019.0097"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Shohani, M., Kazemi, F., Rahmati, S., &amp; Azami, M. (2020). The effect of yoga on the quality of life and fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: A literature review and meta- analysis of randomized clinical trials. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 39, 101087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101087"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Stroe, Z. A., Axelerad, S. D., Stuparu, A. F., &amp; Axelerad, D. D. (2020). Assessing the effectiveness of yoga, Tai Chi and aerobics on the fatigue of multiple sclerosis patients. Timisoara Physical Education and Rehabilitation Journal, 13(24), 12-18. https://doi.org/10.2478/tperj-2020-0002"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Suryo, J. C. (2021). Sklerosis Multipel: Diagnosis dan Tatalaksana. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran, 48(8), 296. https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v48i8.1446"/>
<meta name="citation_reference" content="Walton, C., King, R., Rechtman, L., Kaye, W., Leray, E., Marrie, R. A., … Baneke, P. (2020). Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 26(14), 1816–1821. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458520970841"/>
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" />
<meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Komang Agus Jerry Widyanata"/>
<meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Komang Noviantari"/>
<meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Ketut Dini Riski Suyakti"/>
<meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Kadek Widya Purnama Yani"/>
<meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Kadek Candra Dwi Anindhita"/>
<meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Ni Made Sinta Maharani"/>
<meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Ni Komang Gista Triana Wati"/>
<meta name="DC.Date.created" scheme="ISO8601" content="2025-10-31"/>
<meta name="DC.Date.dateSubmitted" scheme="ISO8601" content="2025-10-13"/>
<meta name="DC.Date.issued" scheme="ISO8601" content="2025-10-31"/>
<meta name="DC.Date.modified" scheme="ISO8601" content="2025-10-31"/>
<meta name="DC.Description" xml:lang="en" content="Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system and often leads to fatigue, mobility impairments, and psychological issues such as anxiety and depression, all of which significantly reduce the quality of life of those affected. Yoga therapy, as a holistic non-pharmacological approach, has gained attention as an alternative rehabilitative intervention for MS patients. Objective: The aim of this review is to literatureally examine the effectiveness of yoga therapy on the physical and psychological aspects of individuals with MS, with a particular focus on the duration, frequency, and forms of yoga practice used. Methods: The method employed in this study was a literature literature search across databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate, using clearly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 15 articles with experimental and quasi-experimental research designs published within the past 10 years were analyzed in this review. Result: The results indicate that yoga is effective in reducing fatigue levels, improving balance and muscle strength, and enhancing daily physical functioning. Psychologically, yoga has been shown to significantly reduce anxiety, stress, and depression, while also improving self-efficacy, focus, and emotional quality of life. Conclusion: In conclusion, yoga is a safe and effective intervention that can serve as a complementary rehabilitative strategy in the management of MS, both physically and psychologically, although further research with stronger methodologies is needed to support its implementation in clinical practice."/>
<meta name="DC.Format" scheme="IMT" content="application/pdf"/>
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="715"/>
<meta name="DC.Identifier.pageNumber" content="216 - 232"/>
<meta name="DC.Identifier.DOI" content="10.47859/jmu.v11i02.715"/>
<meta name="DC.Identifier.URI" content="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/article/view/715"/>
<meta name="DC.Language" scheme="ISO639-1" content="en"/>
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana"/>
<meta name="DC.Rights" content=""/>
<meta name="DC.Source" content="Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana"/>
<meta name="DC.Source.ISSN" content="2685-6573"/>
<meta name="DC.Source.Issue" content="02"/>
<meta name="DC.Source.Volume" content="11"/>
<meta name="DC.Source.URI" content="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu"/>
<meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="Terapi Yoga"/>
<meta name="DC.Title" content="Terapi Yoga pada Penyakit Multiple Sclerosis: A Literature Review"/>
<meta name="DC.Type" content="Text.Serial.Journal"/>
<meta name="DC.Type.articleType" content="Articles"/>
	<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/$$$call$$$/page/page/css?name=stylesheet" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.css?v=3.2.1.5" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">.pkp_structure_head { background: center / cover no-repeat url("https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/public/journals/2/homepageImage_en_US.jpg");}</style><link rel="stylesheet" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:400,700|Noto+Serif:400,400i,700,700i" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/plugins/generic/orcidProfile/css/orcidProfile.css?v=3.2.1.5" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/public/journals/2/styleSheet.css?v=3.2.1.5" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/public/site/styleSheet.css?v=3.2.1.5" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body class="pkp_page_article pkp_op_view has_site_logo" dir="ltr">

	<div class="pkp_structure_page">

				<header class="pkp_structure_head" id="headerNavigationContainer" role="banner">
						 <nav class="cmp_skip_to_content" aria-label="Jump to content links">
	<a href="#pkp_content_main">Skip to main content</a>
	<a href="#siteNav">Skip to main navigation menu</a>
		<a href="#pkp_content_footer">Skip to site footer</a>
</nav>

			<div class="pkp_head_wrapper">

				<div class="pkp_site_name_wrapper">
					<button class="pkp_site_nav_toggle">
						<span>Open Menu</span>
					</button>
										<div class="pkp_site_name">
																<a href="						https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/index
					" class="is_img">
							<img src="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/public/journals/2/pageHeaderLogoImage_en_US.jpg" width="6004" height="912"  />
						</a>
										</div>
				</div>

				
				<nav class="pkp_site_nav_menu" aria-label="Site Navigation">
					<a id="siteNav"></a>
					<div class="pkp_navigation_primary_row">
						<div class="pkp_navigation_primary_wrapper">
																				<ul id="navigationPrimary" class="pkp_navigation_primary pkp_nav_list">
															<li class="">
				<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/user/register">
					Register
				</a>
							</li>
								<li class="">
				<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/login">
					Login
				</a>
							</li>
								<li class="">
				<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/about">
					About 
				</a>
							</li>
								<li class="">
				<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/issue/current">
					Current
				</a>
							</li>
								<li class="">
				<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/issue/archive">
					Archives
				</a>
							</li>
								<li class="">
				<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/announcement">
					Announcements
				</a>
							</li>
								<li class="">
				<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/about/contact">
					Contact
				</a>
							</li>
								<li class="">
				<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/about/privacy">
					Privacy Statement
				</a>
							</li>
			</ul>

				

																									
	<form class="pkp_search pkp_search_desktop" action="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/search/search" method="get" role="search" aria-label="Article Search">
		<input type="hidden" name="csrfToken" value="97c1990387685f57ae4c4d1552eb56d0">
				
			<input name="query" value="" type="text" aria-label="Search Query">
		

		<button type="submit">
			Search
		</button>
		<div class="search_controls" aria-hidden="true">
			<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/search/search" class="headerSearchPrompt search_prompt" aria-hidden="true">
				Search
			</a>
			<a href="#" class="search_cancel headerSearchCancel" aria-hidden="true"></a>
			<span class="search_loading" aria-hidden="true"></span>
		</div>
	</form>
													</div>
					</div>
					<div class="pkp_navigation_user_wrapper" id="navigationUserWrapper">
							<ul id="navigationUser" class="pkp_navigation_user pkp_nav_list">
								<li class="profile">
				<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/user/register">
					Register
				</a>
							</li>
								<li class="profile">
				<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/login">
					Login
				</a>
							</li>
										</ul>

					</div>
																			
	<form class="pkp_search pkp_search_mobile" action="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/search/search" method="get" role="search" aria-label="Article Search">
		<input type="hidden" name="csrfToken" value="97c1990387685f57ae4c4d1552eb56d0">
				
			<input name="query" value="" type="text" aria-label="Search Query">
		

		<button type="submit">
			Search
		</button>
		<div class="search_controls" aria-hidden="true">
			<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/search/search" class="headerSearchPrompt search_prompt" aria-hidden="true">
				Search
			</a>
			<a href="#" class="search_cancel headerSearchCancel" aria-hidden="true"></a>
			<span class="search_loading" aria-hidden="true"></span>
		</div>
	</form>
									</nav>
			</div><!-- .pkp_head_wrapper -->
		</header><!-- .pkp_structure_head -->

						<div class="pkp_structure_content has_sidebar">
			<div class="pkp_structure_main" role="main">
				<a id="pkp_content_main"></a>

<div class="page page_article">
			<nav class="cmp_breadcrumbs" role="navigation" aria-label="You are here:">
	<ol>
		<li>
			<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/index">
				Home
			</a>
			<span class="separator">/</span>
		</li>
		<li>
			<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/issue/archive">
				Archives
			</a>
			<span class="separator">/</span>
		</li>
					<li>
				<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/issue/view/125">
					Vol. 11 No. 02 (2025): Oktober: Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana
				</a>
				<span class="separator">/</span>
			</li>
				<li class="current" aria-current="page">
			<span aria-current="page">
									Articles
							</span>
		</li>
	</ol>
</nav>
	
			<article class="obj_article_details">

			<h1 class="page_title">
		Terapi Yoga pada Penyakit Multiple Sclerosis: A Literature Review
	</h1>
	
	<div class="row">
		<div class="main_entry">

							<section class="item authors">
					<h2 class="pkp_screen_reader">Authors</h2>
					<ul class="authors">
											<li>
							<span class="name">
								Komang Agus Jerry Widyanata
							</span>
															<span class="affiliation">
									Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia
																	</span>
																				</li>
											<li>
							<span class="name">
								Komang Noviantari
							</span>
															<span class="affiliation">
									Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia
																	</span>
																				</li>
											<li>
							<span class="name">
								Ketut Dini Riski Suyakti
							</span>
															<span class="affiliation">
									Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia
																	</span>
																				</li>
											<li>
							<span class="name">
								Kadek Widya Purnama Yani
							</span>
															<span class="affiliation">
									Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia
																	</span>
																				</li>
											<li>
							<span class="name">
								Kadek Candra Dwi Anindhita
							</span>
															<span class="affiliation">
									Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia
																	</span>
																				</li>
											<li>
							<span class="name">
								Ni Made Sinta Maharani
							</span>
															<span class="affiliation">
									Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia
																	</span>
																				</li>
											<li>
							<span class="name">
								Ni Komang Gista Triana Wati
							</span>
															<span class="affiliation">
									Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja, Indonesia
																	</span>
																				</li>
										</ul>
				</section>
			
																												<section class="item doi">
						<h2 class="label">
														DOI:
						</h2>
						<span class="value">
							<a href="https://doi.org/10.47859/jmu.v11i02.715">
								https://doi.org/10.47859/jmu.v11i02.715
							</a>
						</span>
					</section>
							
									<section class="item keywords">
				<h2 class="label">
										Keywords:
				</h2>
				<span class="value">
											Literature review, 											Multiple sclerosis, 											Terapi Yoga									</span>
			</section>
			
										<section class="item abstract">
					<h2 class="label">Abstract</h2>
					<p><strong>Background: </strong>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system and often leads to fatigue, mobility impairments, and psychological issues such as anxiety and depression, all of which significantly reduce the quality of life of those affected. Yoga therapy, as a holistic non-pharmacological approach, has gained attention as an alternative rehabilitative intervention for MS patients. <strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this review is to literatureally examine the effectiveness of yoga therapy on the physical and psychological aspects of individuals with MS, with a particular focus on the duration, frequency, and forms of yoga practice used. <strong>Methods: </strong>The method employed in this study was a literature literature search across databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate, using clearly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 15 articles with experimental and quasi-experimental research designs published within the past 10 years were analyzed in this review. <strong>Result: </strong>The results indicate that yoga is effective in reducing fatigue levels, improving balance and muscle strength, and enhancing daily physical functioning. Psychologically, yoga has been shown to significantly reduce anxiety, stress, and depression, while also improving self-efficacy, focus, and emotional quality of life. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, yoga is a safe and effective intervention that can serve as a complementary rehabilitative strategy in the management of MS, both physically and psychologically, although further research with stronger methodologies is needed to support its implementation in clinical practice.</p>
				</section>
			
			

																																																													
										<section class="item references">
					<h2 class="label">
						References
					</h2>
					<div class="value">
																					<p>Alibagher, N., Aghyari, A., &amp; Asgari, S. (2025). The Effect of Yoga Exercises on Fatigue, Balance, Muscle Strength and Neurological Disorders in Women with Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Advances in Para Sport Science (APSS), 5(1), 124-132. </p>
															<p>Avandi, M., Heidarian, A., &amp; Ebrahimi, M. (2017). The effects of eight week yoga training on serum levels of Dehydroepiandrestrone sulfate and prolactin in women with multiple sclerosis. Int. J. Appl. Exerc. Physiol, 6, 8-13. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.22631/ijaep.v6i2.90">http://dx.doi.org/10.22631/ijaep.v6i2.90</a> </p>
															<p>Azhdari, A., Mardani, N., Javanbakht, M., Mombeni, T., &amp; Ahmadi, M. (2024). Investigating the Comparative Effectiveness of Yoga and Relaxation Therapy on Restlessness, Fatigue and Difficulty Concentrating in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Health Technology Assessment in Action. <a href="https://doi.org/10.18502/htaa.v8i4.16985">https://doi.org/10.18502/htaa.v8i4.16985</a> </p>
															<p>Bass, A. D., Van Wijmeersch, B., Mayer, L., Mäurer, M., Boster, A., Mandel, M., … Singer, B. (2020). Effect of Multiple Sclerosis on Daily Activities, Emotional Well-being, and Relationships The Global vsMS Survey. International Journal of MS Care, 22(4), 158–164. <a href="https://doi.org/10.7224/1537-2073.2018-087">https://doi.org/10.7224/1537-2073.2018-087</a> </p>
															<p>DeLuca, J. (2024). Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: can we measure it and can we treat it? Journal of Neurology, 271(9), 6388–6392. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-024-12524-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-024-12524-9</a> Fasczewski, K. S., Garner, L. M., Clark, L. A., Michels, H. S., &amp; Migliarese, S. J. (2022). Medical Therapeutic Yoga for multiple sclerosis: examining self-efficacy for physical activity, motivation for physical activity, and quality of life outcomes. Disability and rehabilitation, 44(1), 106-113. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2020.1760364">https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2020.1760364</a> Fymat, A. L. (2023). Multiple sclerosis: I. Symptomatology and etiology. Researchnovelty.ComAL FymatJ Neurol Psychol Res, 2023•researchnovelty.Com, 4(1), 2023. Retrieved from <a href="https://researchnovelty.com/management_research/article_pdf/1684580323Updated">https://researchnovelty.com/management_research/article_pdf/1684580323Updated</a> Article CS050523.pdf </p>
															<p>Hanna, M., &amp; Strober, L. B. (2020). Anxiety and depression in Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Antecedents, consequences, and differential impact on well-being and quality of life. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 44,102261. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2020.102261">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2020.102261</a> </p>
															<p>Hasanpour-Dehkordi, A., Jivad, N., &amp; Solati, K. (2016). Effects of yoga on physiological indices, anxiety and social functioning in multiple sclerosis patients: A randomized trial. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 10(6), VC01. <a href="https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/18204.7916">https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/18204.7916</a> </p>
															<p>Ilbeigi, S., Haghighi, M., Nikseresht, A., &amp; Mahjoor, M. (2021). Effect of a Yoga Exercise Program on Muscle Fatigue and Balance Indices in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Studies in Sport Medicine, 12(28), 165-182. <a href="https://doi.org/10.22089/smj.2021.10266.1478">https://doi.org/10.22089/smj.2021.10266.1478</a> </p>
															<p>Janalipour, K., Kafi, M., Hatamian, H., &amp; Rezapour, P. (2017). The effectiveness of yoga therapy in reducing anxiety, stress and depression in women with multiple sclerosis. Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 3(3), 151-158.<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.cjns.3.10.151">http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.cjns.3.10.151</a> </p>
															<p>Johnson, E., Hooshmand, S., &amp; Hooshmand, S. (2024). Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis A Comprehensive Approach to Evaluation and Management. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 23(1), 31–42. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-005-0012-5">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-005-0012-5</a> </p>
															<p>Karbandi, S., Gorji, M. A. H., Mazloum, S. R., Norian, A., &amp; Aghaei, N. (2015). Effectiveness of group versus individual yoga exercises on fatigue of patients with multiple sclerosis. North American journal of medical sciences, 7(6), 266. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.159332">https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.159332</a> </p>
															<p>Küçüktepe, ?., Balkan, A. F., Salc?, Y., Ar?n, G., Karaca, N. B., Armutlu, K., &amp; Ünal, E. (2018). Multiple sklerozlu bireylerde Bili?sel Egzersiz Terapi Yakla??m?’n?n yorgunluk ve denge üzerine etkileri. Journal of Exercise Therapy and Rehabilitation, 5(2), 74-81. </p>
															<p>Kusmadana, I. P. E., Margo, W., &amp; Suputra, G. (2023). Sklerosis multipel pada pria Bali: sebuah laporan kasus. Intisari Sains Medis, 14(1), 407–411. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15562/ism.v14i1.1625">https://doi.org/10.15562/ism.v14i1.1625</a> </p>
															<p>Lysogorskaia, E., &amp; Ulmasbaeva, E. (2021). Yoga Versus Physical Therapy In Multiple Sclerosis : Randomized Controlled Trial. 1–13. </p>
															<p>Minarti, Sulistijono, H., Mukholid, A., Cendekiawan, K. A., &amp; Andro, R. R. (2024). The Effect of Structured Physical Exercise on the Quality of Life of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of World Future Medicine, Health and Nursing, 2(2), 240–251. <a href="https://doi.org/10.70177/health.v2i2.759">https://doi.org/10.70177/health.v2i2.759</a> </p>
															<p>Najafi, P., &amp; Moghadasi, M. (2017). The effect of yoga training on enhancement of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels in female patients with multiple sclerosis. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 26, 21-25. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.11.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.11.006</a> </p>
															<p>Padmavathi, R., Kumar, A. P., Dhamodhini, K. S., Venugopal, V., Silambanan, S., Maheshkumar, K., &amp; Shah, P. (2023). Role of yoga in stress management and implications in major depression disorder. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 14, 100767. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100767">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100767</a> </p>
															<p>Razazian, N., Yavari, Z., Farnia, V., Azizi, A., Kordavani, L., Bahmani, D. S., ... &amp; Brand, </p>
															<p>S. (2016). Exercising impacts on fatigue, depression, and paresthesia in female patients with multiple sclerosis. Medicine &amp; Science in Sports &amp; Exercise, 48(5), 796-803. </p>
															<p>Sarbaz, Y., Beni, K. N., Hosseininejad, A., Eftekharsadat, B., &amp; Jahanjoo, F. (2020). The effect of yoga practice on muscular strength improvement in patients with multiple sclerosis. International Journal of Therapy And Rehabilitation, 27(9), 1-10. <a href="https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2019.0097">https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2019.0097</a> </p>
															<p>Shohani, M., Kazemi, F., Rahmati, S., &amp; Azami, M. (2020). The effect of yoga on the quality of life and fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: A literature review and meta- analysis of randomized clinical trials. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 39, 101087. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101087">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101087</a> </p>
															<p>Stroe, Z. A., Axelerad, S. D., Stuparu, A. F., &amp; Axelerad, D. D. (2020). Assessing the effectiveness of yoga, Tai Chi and aerobics on the fatigue of multiple sclerosis patients. Timisoara Physical Education and Rehabilitation Journal, 13(24), 12-18. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2478/tperj-2020-0002">https://doi.org/10.2478/tperj-2020-0002</a> </p>
															<p>Suryo, J. C. (2021). Sklerosis Multipel: Diagnosis dan Tatalaksana. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran, 48(8), 296. <a href="https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v48i8.1446">https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v48i8.1446</a> </p>
															<p>Walton, C., King, R., Rechtman, L., Kaye, W., Leray, E., Marrie, R. A., … Baneke, P. (2020). Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 26(14), 1816–1821. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458520970841">https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458520970841</a> </p>
																		</div>
				</section>
			
		</div><!-- .main_entry -->

		<div class="entry_details">

										<div class="item cover_image">
					<div class="sub_item">
																				<img
								src="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/public/journals/2/submission_715_715_coverImage_en_US.jpg"
								alt=""
							>
											</div>
				</div>
			
										<div class="item galleys">
					<h2 class="pkp_screen_reader">
						Downloads
					</h2>
					<ul class="value galleys_links">
													<li>
								
	
							

<a class="obj_galley_link pdf" href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/article/view/715/356">

		
	pdf

	</a>
							</li>
											</ul>
				</div>
						
						<div class="item published">
				<section class="sub_item">
					<h2 class="label">
						Published
					</h2>
					<div class="value">
																			<span>2025-10-31</span>
																	</div>
				</section>
							</div>
			
										<div class="item citation">
					<section class="sub_item citation_display">
						<h2 class="label">
							How to Cite
						</h2>
						<div class="value">
							<div id="citationOutput" role="region" aria-live="polite">
								<div class="csl-bib-body">
  <div class="csl-entry">Widyanata, K. A. J., Noviantari, K., Suyakti, K. D. R., Yani, K. W. P., Anindhita, K. C. D., Maharani, N. M. S., &#38; Wati, N. K. G. T. (2025). Terapi Yoga pada Penyakit Multiple Sclerosis: A Literature Review. <i>Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana</i>, <i>11</i>(02), 216–232. https://doi.org/10.47859/jmu.v11i02.715</div>
</div>
							</div>
							<div class="citation_formats">
								<button class="cmp_button citation_formats_button" aria-controls="cslCitationFormats" aria-expanded="false" data-csl-dropdown="true">
									More Citation Formats
								</button>
								<div id="cslCitationFormats" class="citation_formats_list" aria-hidden="true">
									<ul class="citation_formats_styles">
																					<li>
												<a
													aria-controls="citationOutput"
													href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/acm-sig-proceedings?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715"
													data-load-citation
													data-json-href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/acm-sig-proceedings?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715&amp;return=json"
												>
													ACM
												</a>
											</li>
																					<li>
												<a
													aria-controls="citationOutput"
													href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/acs-nano?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715"
													data-load-citation
													data-json-href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/acs-nano?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715&amp;return=json"
												>
													ACS
												</a>
											</li>
																					<li>
												<a
													aria-controls="citationOutput"
													href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/apa?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715"
													data-load-citation
													data-json-href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/apa?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715&amp;return=json"
												>
													APA
												</a>
											</li>
																					<li>
												<a
													aria-controls="citationOutput"
													href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715"
													data-load-citation
													data-json-href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715&amp;return=json"
												>
													ABNT
												</a>
											</li>
																					<li>
												<a
													aria-controls="citationOutput"
													href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/chicago-author-date?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715"
													data-load-citation
													data-json-href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/chicago-author-date?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715&amp;return=json"
												>
													Chicago
												</a>
											</li>
																					<li>
												<a
													aria-controls="citationOutput"
													href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/harvard-cite-them-right?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715"
													data-load-citation
													data-json-href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/harvard-cite-them-right?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715&amp;return=json"
												>
													Harvard
												</a>
											</li>
																					<li>
												<a
													aria-controls="citationOutput"
													href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/ieee?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715"
													data-load-citation
													data-json-href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/ieee?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715&amp;return=json"
												>
													IEEE
												</a>
											</li>
																					<li>
												<a
													aria-controls="citationOutput"
													href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/modern-language-association?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715"
													data-load-citation
													data-json-href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/modern-language-association?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715&amp;return=json"
												>
													MLA
												</a>
											</li>
																					<li>
												<a
													aria-controls="citationOutput"
													href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/turabian-fullnote-bibliography?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715"
													data-load-citation
													data-json-href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/turabian-fullnote-bibliography?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715&amp;return=json"
												>
													Turabian
												</a>
											</li>
																					<li>
												<a
													aria-controls="citationOutput"
													href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/vancouver?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715"
													data-load-citation
													data-json-href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/get/vancouver?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715&amp;return=json"
												>
													Vancouver
												</a>
											</li>
																			</ul>
																			<div class="label">
											Download Citation
										</div>
										<ul class="citation_formats_styles">
																							<li>
													<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/download/ris?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715">
														<span class="fa fa-download"></span>
														Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
													</a>
												</li>
																							<li>
													<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/citationstylelanguage/download/bibtex?submissionId=715&amp;publicationId=715">
														<span class="fa fa-download"></span>
														BibTeX
													</a>
												</li>
																					</ul>
																	</div>
							</div>
						</div>
					</section>
				</div>
			
										<div class="item issue">

											<section class="sub_item">
							<h2 class="label">
								Issue
							</h2>
							<div class="value">
								<a class="title" href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/issue/view/125">
									Vol. 11 No. 02 (2025): Oktober: Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana
								</a>
							</div>
						</section>
					
											<section class="sub_item">
							<h2 class="label">
								Section
							</h2>
							<div class="value">
								Articles
							</div>
						</section>
									</div>
			
															
						
			

		</div><!-- .entry_details -->
	</div><!-- .row -->

</article>

	<div id="articlesBySameAuthorList">
						<h3>Most read articles by the same author(s)</h3>

			<ul>
																													<li>
													Kadek Cahya  Pratiwi,
													Ni Nyoman  Ayuningsih,
													Elfi  Kuswati,
													Komang Agus Jerry  Widyanata,
												<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/article/view/150">
							HUBUNGAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN DENGAN PERILAKU DIET PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELLITUS
						</a>,
						<a href="https://ejurnalstikeskesdamudayana.ac.id/index.php/jmu/issue/view/15">
							Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana: Vol. 5 No. 1 (2019): April :  Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Udayana
						</a>
					</li>
							</ul>
			<div id="articlesBySameAuthorPages">
				
			</div>
			</div>


</div><!-- .page -->

	</div><!-- pkp_structure_main -->

				<div class="pkp_block block_information">
	<h2 class="title">
body{color:#000;background:#fff;font:90%/1.25 Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;}a{color:blue;text-decoration:none;}a:visited{color:navy;}a:link:hover,a:visited:hover{color:red;text-decoration:underline;}a.text:hover{text-decoration:none;}a.jush-help:hover{color:inherit;}h1{font-size:150%;margin:0;padding:.8em 1em;border-bottom:1px solid #999;font-weight:normal;color:#777;background:#eee;}h2{font-size:150%;margin:0 0 20px -18px;padding:.8em 1em;border-bottom:1px solid #000;color:#000;font-weight:normal;background:#ddf;}h3{font-weight:normal;font-size:130%;margin:1em 0 0;}form{margin:0;}td table{width:100%;margin:0;}table{margin:1em 20px 0 0;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:90%;}td,th{border:1px solid #999;padding:.2em .3em;}th{background:#eee;text-align:left;}thead th{text-align:center;padding:.2em .5em;}thead td,thead th{background:#ddf;}fieldset{display:inline;vertical-align:top;padding:.5em .8em;margin:.8em .5em 0 0;border:1px solid #999;}p{margin:.8em 20px 0 0;}img{vertical-align:middle;border:0;}td img{max-width:200px;max-height:200px;}code{background:#eee;}tbody tr:hover td,tbody tr:hover th{background:#eee;}pre{margin:1em 0 0;}pre,textarea{font:100%/1.25 monospace;}input{vertical-align:middle;}input.default{box-shadow:1px 1px 1px #777;}input.required{box-shadow:1px 1px 1px red;}input.maxlength{box-shadow:1px 1px 1px red;}input.wayoff{left:-1000px;position:absolute;}.block{display:block;}.version{color:#777;font-size:67%;}.js .hidden,.nojs .jsonly{display:none;}.js .column{position:absolute;background:#ddf;padding:.27em 1ex .3em 0;margin-top:-.27em;}.nowrap td,.nowrap th,td.nowrap,p.nowrap{white-space:pre;}.wrap td{white-space:normal;}.error{color:red;background:#fee;}.error b{background:#fff;font-weight:normal;}.message{color:green;background:#efe;}.message table{color:#000;background:#fff;}.error,.message{padding:.5em .8em;margin:1em 20px 0 0;}.char{color:#007F00;}.date{color:#7F007F;}.enum{color:#007F7F;}.binary{color:red;}.odd td{background:#F5F5F5;}.js .checkable .checked td,.js .checkable .checked th{background:#ddf;}.time{color:silver;font-size:70%;}.function{text-align:right;}.number{text-align:right;}.datetime{text-align:right;}.type{width:15ex;width:auto\9;}.options select{width:20ex;width:auto\9;}.view{font-style:italic;}.active{font-weight:bold;}.sqlarea{width:98%;}.icon{width:18px;height:18px;background-color:navy;}.icon:hover{background-color:red;}.size{width:6ex;}.help{cursor:help;}.footer{position:sticky;bottom:0;margin-right:-20px;border-top:20px solid rgba(255,255,255,.7);border-image:linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,.2),#fff) 100% 0;}.footer > div{background:#fff;padding:0 0 .5em;}.footer fieldset{margin-top:0;}.links a{white-space:nowrap;margin-right:20px;}.logout{margin-top:.5em;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;}.loadmore{margin-left:1ex;}#menu{position:absolute;margin:10px 0 0;padding:0 0 30px 0;top:2em;left:0;width:19em;}#menu p,#logins,#tables{padding:.8em 1em;margin:0;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#logins li,#tables li{list-style:none;}#dbs{overflow:hidden;}#logins,#tables{white-space:nowrap;overflow:auto;}#logins a,#tables a,#tables span{background:#fff;}#content{margin:2em 0 0 21em;padding:10px 20px 20px 0;}#lang{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;line-height:1.8em;padding:.3em 1em;}#breadcrumb{white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;top:0;left:21em;background:#eee;height:2em;line-height:1.8em;padding:0 1em;margin:0 0 0 -18px;}#h1{color:#777;text-decoration:none;font-style:italic;}#version{font-size:67%;color:red;}#schema{margin-left:60px;position:relative;-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;}#schema .table{border:1px solid silver;padding:0 2px;cursor:move;position:absolute;}#schema .references{position:absolute;}#help{position:absolute;border:1px solid #999;background:#eee;padding:5px;font-family:monospace;z-index:1;}.rtl h2{margin:0 -18px 20px 0;}.rtl p,.rtl table,.rtl .error,.rtl .message{margin:1em 0 0 20px;}.rtl .logout{left:0;right:auto;}.rtl #content{margin:2em 21em 0 0;padding:10px 0 20px 20px;}.rtl #breadcrumb{left:auto;right:21em;margin:0 -18px 0 0;}.rtl .pages{left:auto;right:21em;}.rtl input.wayoff{left:auto;right:-1000px;}.rtl #lang,.rtl #menu{left:auto;right:0;}@media all and (max-device-width:880px){.pages{left:auto;}#menu{position:static;width:auto;}#content{margin-left:10px;}#lang{position:static;border-top:1px solid #999;}#breadcrumb{left:auto;}.rtl .pages{right:auto;}.rtl #content{margin-right:10px;}.rtl #breadcrumb{right:auto;}}@media print{#lang,#menu{display:none;}#content{margin-left:1em;}#breadcrumb{left:1em;}.nowrap td,.nowrap th,td.nowrap{white-space:normal;}}.jush{color:black;}.jush-htm_com,.jush-com,.jush-com_code,.jush-one,.jush-php_doc,.jush-php_com,.jush-php_one,.jush-js_one,.jush-js_doc{color:gray;}.jush-php,.jush-php_new,.jush-php_fun{color:#000033;background-color:#FFF0F0;}.jush-php_quo,.jush-quo,.jush-quo_one,.jush-php_eot,.jush-apo,.jush-sql_apo,.jush-sqlite_apo,.jush-sql_quo,.jush-sql_eot{color:green;}.jush-php_apo{color:#009F00;}.jush-php_quo_var,.jush-php_var,.jush-sql_var{font-style:italic;}.jush-php_apo .jush-php_quo_var,.jush-php_apo .jush-php_var{font-style:normal;}.jush-php_halt2{background-color:white;color:black;}.jush-tag_css,.jush-att_css .jush-att_quo,.jush-att_css .jush-att_apo,.jush-att_css .jush-att_val{color:black;background-color:#FFFFE0;}.jush-tag_js,.jush-att_js .jush-att_quo,.jush-att_js .jush-att_apo,.jush-att_js .jush-att_val,.jush-css_js{color:black;background-color:#F0F0FF;}.jush-tag,.jush-xml_tag{color:navy;}.jush-att,.jush-xml_att,.jush-att_js,.jush-att_css,.jush-att_http{color:teal;}.jush-att_quo,.jush-att_apo,.jush-att_val{color:purple;}.jush-ent{color:purple;}.jush-js_key,.jush-js_key .jush-quo,.jush-js_key .jush-apo{color:purple;}.jush-js_reg{color:navy;}.jush-php_sql .jush-php_quo,.jush-php_sql .jush-php_apo,.jush-php_sqlite .jush-php_quo,.jush-php_sqlite .jush-php_apo,.jush-php_pgsql .jush-php_quo,.jush-php_pgsql .jush-php_apo,.jush-php_mssql .jush-php_quo,.jush-php_mssql .jush-php_apo,.jush-php_oracle .jush-php_quo,.jush-php_oracle .jush-php_apo{background-color:#FFBBB0;}.jush-bac,.jush-php_bac,.jush-bra,.jush-mssql_bra,.jush-sqlite_quo{color:red;}.jush-num,.jush-clr{color:#007F7F;}.jush a{color:navy;}.jush a.jush-help{cursor:help;}.jush-sql a,.jush-sql_code a,.jush-sqlite a,.jush-pgsql a,.jush-mssql a,.jush-oracle a,.jush-simpledb a{font-weight:bold;}.jush-php_sql .jush-php_quo a,.jush-php_sql .jush-php_apo a{font-weight:normal;}.jush-tag a,.jush-att a,.jush-apo a,.jush-quo a,.jush-php_apo a,.jush-php_quo a,.jush-php_eot2 a{color:inherit;color:expression(parentNode.currentStyle.color);}a.jush-custom:link,a.jush-custom:visited{font-weight:normal;color:inherit;color:expression(parentNode.currentStyle.color);}.jush p{margin:0;}